Sources and Citations

Erickson, G.M., Gignac, P.M., Steppan, S.J., Lappin, A.K., Vliet, K.A., Brueggen, J.D., Inouye, B.D., Kledzik, D., Webb, G.J.W. (2012). Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation. PLOS ONE, 7(3): e31781.

Primary source for all bite force figures on this site. Measures all 23 living crocodilian species using a custom bite transducer.

CrocBITE -- Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database. Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.

Global repository for crocodilian attack records. Data is the best available but is known to underrepresent attacks in rural Africa and Asia.

Caldicott, D.G.E., Croser, D., Manolis, C., Webb, G., Britton, A. (2005). Crocodile attack in Australia: an analysis of its incidence and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 16(3): 143-159.

Analysis of Australian saltwater crocodile attacks.

IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. (2023). Alligator mississippiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

American alligator -- Least Concern.

IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. (2023). Crocodylus acutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

American crocodile -- Vulnerable.

IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. (2023). Crocodylus porosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Saltwater crocodile -- Least Concern.

IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. (2023). Crocodylus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Nile crocodile -- Least Concern.

IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. (2023). Gavialis gangeticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Gharial -- Critically Endangered.

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). (2024). Alligator Management Program Annual Report. Tallahassee, FL.

Florida alligator population estimates, nuisance complaint data, attack statistics.

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF). (2024). Alligator Program.

Louisiana population data and harvest programme statistics.

Ross, C.A. (Ed.) (1989). Crocodiles and Alligators. Golden Press. ISBN 0-87159-104-2.

Classic reference on crocodilian biology, taxonomy, and natural history.

Webb, G.J.W. & Manolis, S.C. (1989). Crocodiles of Australia. Reed Books.

Comprehensive treatment of Australian crocodilian species.

Thorbjarnarson, J. (1992). Crocodiles: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Key conservation reference across all species.

Gharial Ecology Project. (2024). Gharial population monitoring, Chambal River. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.

Annual population surveys and ecological research on the Chambal River gharial population.

Choudhury, B.C. & De, S. (2023). Gharial conservation in India: retrospective and prospective. Current Science, 125(5).

Review of gharial population recovery and current threats.

Taplin, L.E. & Grigg, G.C. (1981). Salt glands in the tongue of the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus. Science, 212(4501): 1373-1377.

Key study demonstrating functional salt glands in crocodiles.

Grigg, G.C. & Gans, C. (1993). Morphology and physiology of Crocodylia. In: Fauna of Australia, Vol. 2A. Australian Government Publishing Service.

Comprehensive treatment of crocodilian physiology.